halberd (n.)
中世纪武器(一种带有锋利边缘、尖端和长柄的宽刃),15世纪后期,源自法语 hallebarde(早期为 alabarde,15世纪),源自中古德语 halmbarte “带柄的宽斧”,源自 halm “柄”(见 helm)+ barte “小斧头”,源自原始日耳曼语 *bardoz “胡须”(见 beard(n.)),也指“小斧头,宽斧头”(“因为实际的斧头看起来像粘在木柄上的胡须”- Boutkan)。另一种词源学[Kluge,Darmesteter]将第一个元素追溯到 helm “头盔”,使武器成为砸头盔的斧头。在15世纪至16世纪,特别是步兵的武器。
halberd 的相关词汇
"下巴和下颚上的浓密胡须,通常是成年男性的特征"(现代英语中上唇的胡须被称为 mustache),古英语中的 beard 指的是"胡须",源自原始日耳曼语的 *bard(还有古弗里斯兰语 berd 、中古荷兰语 baert 、古高地德语 bart 、德语 bart),据 Pokorny 称这个词源于原始印欧语的 *bhardhā- "胡须"(还有古教会斯拉夫语 brada 、俄语 boroda 、立陶宛语 barzda 、古普鲁士语 bordus,也许还有拉丁语 barba "胡须"),但 Boutkan 基于语音学的理由否认了这一说法,并提出了一个非印欧语的基层词。古法语 berd 源自日耳曼语。
The Greek and Roman Churches have long disputed about the beard. While the Romanists have at different times practised shaving, the Greeks, on the contrary, have strenuously defended the cause of long beards. Leo III. (795 AD) was the first shaved Pope. Pope Gregory IV., after the lapse of only 30 years, fulminated a Bull against bearded priests. In the 12th century the prescription of the beard was extended to the laity. Pope Honorius III. to disguise his disfigured lip, allowed his beard to grow. Henry I. of England was so much moved by a sermon directed against his beard that he resigned it to the barber. Frederick Barbarossa is said to have been equally tractable. [Tom Robinson, M.D., "Beards," St. James's Magazine, 1881]
希腊和罗马教会长期以来一直在争论胡须的问题。虽然罗马教徒在不同的时期进行过剃须,但希腊人则坚决捍卫长胡须的理由。公元795年,教皇利奥三世成为第一位剃须的教皇。仅仅30年后,教皇格里高利四世就对有胡须的神父发出了一项禁令。在12世纪,胡须的规定被扩大到了俗人。为了掩饰他畸形的嘴唇,教皇霍诺留三世允许自己的胡须生长。英格兰的亨利一世在听到一篇针对他胡须的布道后,如此感动以至于将胡须交给了理发师。据说腓特烈一世也同样顺从。[汤姆·罗宾逊医生,《圣詹姆斯杂志》,1881年]
阴毛的意义可以追溯到17世纪(但 neþir berd "阴毛"可以追溯到14世纪末); 在1811年的《俚语词典》中,短语 beard-splitter 被定义为"一个喜欢与女人纠缠的男人"(与俚语中的 beaver 在性器官的意义上相对应)。
"船舵,掌舵的工具",源自古英语 helma "舵; 指引、控制的位置",源自原始日耳曼语 *helmaz(也指古诺尔斯语 hjalm,古高地德语 helmo,德语 Helm "手柄"),源自原始印欧语 *kelp- "抓住,握住"(参见 helve)。
Helm - the handle or tiller, in large ships the wheel, by which the runner is managed; the word is sometimes used with reference to the whole stearing [sic]-gear.
Rudder - that part of the helm which consists of a broad piece of timber, enters the water, and is governed by means of the wheel or tiller.
Tiller - the bar or lever by means of which the rudder of a ship or boat is turned.
[J.H.A. Günther, "English Synonyms Explained & Illustrated," Groningen, 1904]
舵柄 - 大型船只中管理舵的手柄或操纵杆,有时也指整个舵机构。
舵板 - 舵的一部分,由一块宽阔的木材组成,进入水中,通过方向盘或操纵杆控制。
操纵杆 - 通过这个杆子或杠杆,可以控制船或小艇的舵。
[J.H.A. Günther, "英语同义词解释与说明",格罗宁根,1904年]