survivor (n.)

“Survivor”一词最早出现在15世纪，指“比另一个人活得更久的人”，是 survive 的动作名词。1971年开始，它还有“有克服逆境的本领”的意思。在1968年， Survivor syndrome 被用作指那些在某些他人死亡的创伤事件中幸存下来的人感到内疚的情绪。

[I]t may have been wrong to say that after Auschwitz you could no longer write poems. But it is not wrong to raise the less cultural question whether after Auschwitz you can go on living—especially whether one who escaped by accident, one who by rights should have been killed, may go on living. His mere survival calls for the coldness, the basic principle of bourgeois subjectivity, without which there could have been no Auschwitz; this is the drastic guilt of him who was spared. By way of atonement he will be plagued by dreams such as that he is no longer living at all. [Theodor Adorno, "Negative Dialectics," 1966]

“在奥斯维辛之后，你不能再写诗，这可能是错误的。但提出一个不那么文化的问题并不是错误的，即在奥斯维辛之后，你是否可以继续生活，特别是那些偶然幸存下来的人，那些本应该被杀死的人是否可以继续生活。他的幸存仅仅需要资本主义主体性的冷漠和基本原则，否则就不会有奥斯维辛。这是那些被饶恕的人的极度罪恶感。为了赎罪，他将被梦魇所困扰，例如他已经不再活着。”（西奥多·阿多诺，《否定的辩证法》，1966年）