kibitz (v.)

"看牌游戏中提供不受欢迎的建议的人"，1915年，源自意第绪语，代词从 kibitz（见上文）而来。 "Der Kibitzer"是一份意第绪语幽默周刊的名称，该周刊于1908年至1912年在纽约出版。["纽约市的犹太报刊"，1918年]

LICENSE TO "KIBITZ"

"This license entitles bearer to 'kibitz'; to sit near any table of players; to criticize, knock, boost or do anything that will abuse players.

"If a man makes a wrong play it is up to the 'kibitzer' to correct him, and the 'kibitzer' will be held personally responsible should the player lose, and this license will be forfeited.

"Any licensed 'kibitzer' not abiding by above rules and regulations Will be subject to fine or imprisonment."

[notice said to have been posed on the bulletin board of the club room of the Associated Traveling Salesmen of New York, quoted in The Clothier and Furnisher, March 1915]

"Kibitz"许可证

"此许可证授权持有人'kibitz'，坐在任何玩家桌旁； 批评，抨击，赞扬或做任何会伤害玩家的事情。

"如果一个人打错了牌，'kibitzer'有责任纠正他，如果玩家输了，'kibitzer'将被追究个人责任，此许可证将被取消。

"任何持有许可证的'kibitzer'如果不遵守上述规定，将受到罚款或监禁的处罚。"

[据说在纽约旅行推销员协会俱乐部房间的公告板上发布的通知，摘自《服装和家具商人》，1915年3月]

还有 pewit，"lapwing"（在苏格兰仍然是它的常用名），也用于其他各种鸟类，1520年代，模仿它的叫声而得名。比较荷兰语 piewit-voghel; 和荷兰语 piewit, kiewit； 中低地德语 kivit; 和德语 kiwitz； 俄语 chibezu "lapwing"； 还可以参见 kibitz。中古英语中有 peuen，指一种鸢的"哀鸣"（15世纪初），而 pewewe 则被用来形容某种鸟的哀鸣声（15世纪中期）。