prothesis (n.)
源自希腊语的一个词,在英语中有多种意义; 来自希腊语 prothesis “放置,公开放置”,源自 pro “在...之前”(见 pro-)和 thesis “放置”(源自 PIE 词根 *dhe- “设置,放置”的重复形式)。在教会意义上(“希腊教会礼拜前的圣餐元素准备”)自1670年代以来; 语法意义上(“在单词开头添加一个或多个音节或字母”)则是在1870年代。相关词汇: Prothetic(1835年语法学); prothetical; prothetically。
prothesis 的相关词汇
*dhē-,原始印欧词根,意为“设定,放置”。
它构成以下词汇的全部或部分: abdomen; abscond; affair; affect(第一动词)“在心中留下印象”; affect(第二动词)“假装”; affection; amplify; anathema; antithesis; apothecary; artifact; artifice; beatific; benefice; beneficence; beneficial; benefit; bibliothec; bodega; boutique; certify; chafe; chauffeur; comfit; condiment; confection; confetti; counterfeit; deed; deem; deface; defeasance; defeat; defect; deficient; difficulty; dignify; discomfit; do(动词); doom; -dom; duma; edifice; edify; efface; effect; efficacious; efficient; epithet; facade; face; facet; facial; -facient; facile; facilitate; facsimile; fact; faction(名词1)“政党”; -faction; factitious; factitive; factor; factory; factotum; faculty; fashion; feasible; feat; feature; feckless; fetish; -fic; fordo; forfeit; -fy; gratify; hacienda; hypothecate; hypothesis; incondite; indeed; infect; justify; malefactor; malfeasance; manufacture; metathesis; misfeasance; modify; mollify; multifarious; notify; nullify; office; officinal; omnifarious; orifice; parenthesis; perfect; petrify; pluperfect; pontifex; prefect; prima facie; proficient; profit; prosthesis; prothesis; purdah; putrefy; qualify; rarefy; recondite; rectify; refectory; sacrifice; salmagundi; samadhi; satisfy; sconce; suffice; sufficient; surface; surfeit; synthesis; tay; ticking(名词); theco-; thematic; theme; thesis; verify。
它是以下词汇的假定来源/其存在的证据为:梵语 dadhati “放置,安排”; 阿维斯塔语 dadaiti “他放置”; 古波斯语 ada “他制造”; 赫梯语 dai- “放置”; 希腊语 tithenai “放置,设置,安置”; 拉丁语 facere “做,干; 执行; 带来”; 立陶宛语 dėti “放置”; 波兰语 dziać się “正在发生”; 俄语 delat' “做”; 古高地德语 tuon,德语 tun,古英语 don “做”。
这个词缀的意思是“向前,向前,向前”(如 proclaim, proceed); “事先,提前”(prohibit, provide); “照顾”(procure); “代替,代表”(proconsul, pronoun); 来自拉丁语 pro(adv.,prep.)“代表,代替,之前,为了,交换,正如”,它也被用作复合词的第一个元素,并且有一个相似的形式 por-。
在某些情况下,也来自同源的希腊语 pro “之前,在前面,更早”,它也被用作希腊语的前缀(如 problem)。拉丁语和希腊语的词都来自 PIE *pro-(源头还包括梵语 pra- “之前,向前,向前”; 哥特语 faura “之前”; 古英语 fore “之前,为了,因为” fram “向前,从”; 古爱尔兰语 roar “足够”),是根源 *per-(1)的扩展形式,“向前”,因此“在前面,在之前,朝向,靠近”等。
“支持,赞成”的普遍现代意义(pro-independence, pro-fluoridation, pro-Soviet 等)在古典拉丁语中并不存在,并且在19世纪早期的英语中得到证实。