molehill (n.)
同时, mole-hill,“鼹鼠挖掘时抛出的土丘或土脊”,出现于15世纪中叶,由 mole(n.2)和 hill(n.)构成。用“make a mountain of a molehill”夸大一个微不足道的问题是来自1560年代。
To much amplifying thinges yt. be but small, makyng mountaines of Molehils. [John Foxe, "Acts and Monuments," 1570]
过分夸大些微不足道的事情,就像把鼹鼠挖的小土丘变成高山。 [约翰·福克斯(John Foxe),《行事历》(Acts and Monuments),1570]
molehill 的相关词汇
古英语 hyll “山丘”,源自原始日耳曼语 *hulni-(也是中古荷兰语 hille,低地德语 hull “山丘”,古诺尔斯语 hallr “石头”,哥特语 hallus “岩石”,古诺尔斯语 holmr “海湾中的小岛”,古英语 holm “上升的土地,岛屿”),源自 PIE 词根 *kel-(2)“突出; 山丘”。曾经包括山脉。
In Great Britain heights under 2,000 feet are generally called hills; 'mountain' being confined to the greater elevations of the Lake District, of North Wales, and of the Scottish Highlands; but, in India, ranges of 5,000 and even 10,000 feet are commonly called 'hills,' in contrast with the Himalaya Mountains, many peaks of which rise beyond 20,000 feet. [OED]
在英国,高度低于2,000英尺的地方通常被称为山丘; “山”一词仅限于湖区,北威尔士和苏格兰高地的更高海拔地区; 但在印度,高达5,000甚至10,000英尺的山脉通常被称为“山丘”,与喜马拉雅山形成对比,后者的许多峰顶高出20,000英尺。[OED]
The term mountain is very loosely used. It commonly means any unusual elevation. In New England and central New York, elevations of from one to two thousand feet are called hills, but on the plains of Texas, a hill of a few hundred feet is called a mountain. [Ralph S. Tarr, "Elementary Geology," Macmillan, 1903]
术语 mountain 的使用非常宽泛。它通常意味着任何不寻常的高度。在新英格兰和纽约中部,高度在一到两千英尺之间的地方被称为山丘,但在德克萨斯州的平原上,几百英尺高的山丘被称为山。[拉尔夫·S·塔尔,“初级地质学”,麦克米伦,1903]
Despite the differences in defining mountain systems, Penck (1896), Supan (1911) and Obst (1914) agreed that the distinction between hills, mountains, and mountain systems according to areal extent or height is not a suitable classification. ["Geographic Information Science and Mountain Geomorphology," 2004]
尽管定义山脉的差异很大,但 Penck(1896年),Supan(1911年)和 Obst(1914年)都认为,根据面积或高度区分山丘、山脉和山脉系统并不是一个合适的分类。[“地理信息科学和山地地貌学”,2004]
比喻短语 over the hill “过了巅峰”记录于1950年。表达式 old as the hills 记录于1819年,可能是在模仿约伯书15.7。早期形式 old as the hills and the valleys 可追溯到1808年:
And this is no "new morality." It is morality as old as the hills and the valleys. It is a morality which must be adopted; or, we must confess that there are certain political evils greater than that of seeing one's country conquered. [Cobbett's Weekly Political Register, Feb. 6, 1808]
这并不是“新道德”。这是一种和山丘和山谷一样古老的道德。这是一种必须采用的道德; 否则,我们必须承认,有些政治上的恶行比看到自己的国家被征服更大。[科贝特的每周政治注册,1808年2月6日]
科贝特在1818年4月11日也有:
However, thus it always is: "those whom God intends to destroy, he first makes foolish," which is a saying as old as the hills between Everly and Marlborough.
然而,事情总是这样的:“上帝要毁灭谁,就先让他变傻”,这是一个在 Everly 和 Marlborough 之间古老如山的说法。
“土拨鼠”是一种小型穴居食虫哺乳动物,属于 Talpa 属,中古英语中称为 molle(13世纪早期出现在姓氏中); 可能是 moldwarp 的缩写形式,意为“掘土者”,但这种缩写在早期并不常见,可能直接来自 mold(n.3)“松散的土壤”的词根。它可能代表了未记录的古英语词汇; 与荷兰语的 mol, molle 和下地德语的 mol, mul 相似。
从大约1600年开始,“土拨鼠”被用作“在黑暗中工作的人”的比喻(在中古英语中, moldewerpe 比喻过于关注世俗事务的牧师)。“逐渐获得在组织或国家内部地位的秘密特工”的间谍意义于1974年在约翰·勒卡雷(John le Carré)的作品中广为流传(但从20世纪初便已提出),其来源就是“挖掘”的概念。