rag [ME] A Scandinavian word for ‘tufted’ probably lies behind rag. In lose your rag [E20th] ‘to lose your temper’, rag is probably an old slang term for the tongue developed from the original sense of rag—and from the 18th-century verb to rag meaning to scold, which also lies behind the student rag or prank, found from the early 19th century, and the dated verb meaning ‘to tease, play a joke on’. From rags to riches describes someone’s rise from a state of extreme poverty to great wealth, as in a fairytale like Cinderella. The concept is ancient, but the phrase was not recorded until the late 19th century, when a play called From Rags to Riches was mentioned in a US newspaper. A group of people regarded as disreputable or undesirable may be described as ragtag and bobtail. Bobtail [E17th] was an established term for a horse or dog with a docked tail, but rag and tag (LME of unknown origin) were separate words conveying the same meaning of ‘tattered or ragged clothes’. Putting them together gives you the literal sense of ‘people in ragged clothes together with their dogs and horses’. Similarly ragamuffin is probably an elaboration of rag. The word is found once c.1400 as the name of a devil, but then not until 1586. The 1990s term ragga for a style of dance music is taken from ragamuffin, because of the style of clothing worn by its fans. Rug once a name for a type of coarse woollen cloth, is probably from the same root. The sense ‘small carpet’ dates from the early 16th century. ‘Shaggy’ was an early sense of rugged [ME] as was ‘rough-coated’ (in descriptions of horses).